Introduction
Pelviureteric junction obstruction (PUJO), or Ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO), is defined as obstruction to the flow of urine from the renal pelvis into the proximal upper ureter. This obstruction can lead to an increase in backpressure on the kidney, hydronephrosis and progressive damage to the kidney function.1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Causes of PUJO may be divided as Congenital & Acquired or Intrinsic & Extrinsic. Most hydronephrosis are diagnosed antenatally using USG scans at 18– 20 weeks. Prior to the advent of ultrasonographic scanning, the most common presentation of PUJ Obstruction was pain. An abdominal mass or hematuria following a minor trauma may be the presenting complaint in some pediatric patients. Some hydronephrosis only come to light as an incidental finding when investigating for a cause of abdominal pain.
Patients with significantly impaired renal drainage or progressive deterioration of renal function are the candidates for surgical intervention. Other indications for active intervention are to relieve pain or treat pathologies secondary to obstruction such as calculi and infections. 6, 7
In up to 98% of patients, improvement in the renal dilatation and excretion pattern in seen following pyeloplasty.8 Though there is high reported success rate of pyeloplasty in patients with PUJ obstruction, there are no established recommendations for follow-up modality or timing of imaging after pediatric pyeloplasty. Many modalities have been suggested, including intravenous pyelography (IVP), radio nucleotide renography, magnetic resonance urography9 and ultrasonography (USG), either alone or in combination at various time intervals.
USG and diuretic renal scintigraphy (RS) are the most widely used investigations for diagnosis and postoperative follow-up.10 The success of pyeloplasty is based on clinical improvement, the serial USG improvement of hydronephrosis and improved drainage on renal scintigraphy scan with possible recovery of differential renal function (DRF). However, as renal scan is available only at apex medical center in our country; we compared renal USG & DTPA scan for follow up for outcome assessment of pyeloplasty.
Materials and Methods
The study titled “Outcome assessment for pyeloplasty in pediatric age group on the basis of ultrasonography and DTPA scan” is a prospective study, which was conducted on the pediatric patients admitted in the General Surgery, Department of LLR Hospital, GSVM Medical College, Kanpur with the diagnosis of Pelviureteric junction obstruction (PUJO) between October 2017 to October 2019.The patients were selected for surgery after clinical, ultrasonological & nuclear scan evaluation showing the pelviureteric junction obstruction (PUJO).
Exclusion criteria
Patients whose age was more than 18 years.
Patients having acquired causes of PUJ obstruction like due to stone, trauma or iatrogenic causes.
All patients in study had undergone renal USG and DTPA scan. Then all of patient had undergone Anderson Hynes’ Dismembered pyeloplasty by open method. Most of the patients were discharged on 10th post-op day after removing drain and stitches; except those who had complications. Follow-up visit was on 3, 6, 9 & 12 months.
In each follow-up patient was evaluated for any complain, Renal USG and DTPA scan.
Renal USG was done under following points-
DTPA scan to assess functional status of kidney by differential renal function (DRF). Patient’s data was collected according to written proforma filled by the residents of the department of surgery. Data was statistically analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed ranks test.
Written informed consent of all patients was taken. Institutional ethics committee approval was obtained.
Result
A total of 32 children were studied in our study with the mean age of 4.2 years. Most common age group was 1-6 years (56%). Male to female ratio observed in our study is 2.55. All patients involved were unilateral cases of PUJ obstruction. There was a Left preponderance, with Left to Right ratio 1.9:1. Main presenting feature was abdominal lump mainly in the flank region (47%) followed by flank pain (37%). 16% patients were asymptomatic at the time of presentation. These patients were diagnosed antenatally during routine antenatal USG.
In postoperative follow up, 15% patients presented with wound dehiscence; 6% patient presented with prolonged output through drain. No incidence of any other complication, like Secondary PUJ Obstruction, hypertension, urinoma formation was observed in any patient during follow-up for 1 year
Table 1
Post-operative result based on renal parenchymal thickness on USG
|
Improved |
Increase of more than 2mm in next follow-up i.e.,3months |
|
Same |
Upto 2 mm increment in next follow-up |
|
Worst |
Decreased renal parenchymal thickness in next follow-up |
At 3 months, 19% (n=06) patient showed improvement, while in 81% (n=26), renal parenchymal thickness remained same. At 6 months, 69%(n=22), at 9 months 94% (n=30), at 12 months 100% (n=32) patients showed improvement in renal parenchymal thickness.
Table 2
Post-operative result based on ap pelvic diameter on USG
|
Improved |
decrease of 5 mm in AP diameter of Renal pelvis in next follow-up i.e., 3months |
|
Same |
Upto 5mm decrement in next follow-up |
|
Worst |
Increased AP diameter of Renal pelvis in next follow-up |
At 3 months, 44% (n=14) patients showed improvement in AP pelvic diameter i.e. AP pelvic diameter decrease, while in 56% (n=18) patients, AP pelvic diameter was same. At 6 months, 69% (n=22), at 9 months 88% (n=28) and at 12months 100% (n=32) patients showed improvement in AP pelvic diameter i.e., decrease in AP pelvic diameter.
Table 3
Post-operative result based on differential renal function (DRF) on DTPA scan
|
Improved |
Increase of DRF by 5% in next follow-up i.e. 3months |
|
Same |
Less than 5% increment in next follow-up |
|
Worst |
Decrease in DRF in next follow-up |
At 3 months, 75% (n=24) patients showed improvement in Differential Renal Function (DRF), while in 25% (n=08) patients, DRF was same. At 6 months 90% (n=29), at 9 months 96% (n=31) and at 12 months all patients i.e. 100% (n=32) showed improvement in Differential Renal Function (DRF).
Table 4
Statistic comparison of renal usg data during follow- up
On comparing Renal USG data i.e. AP pelvic diameter & Renal parenchymal thickness during follow-up, data is statistically not significant (p value >0.05). Hence, on renal USG, either AP pelvic diameter & renal parenchymal thickness can be used to assess outcome of pyeloplasty during follow-up within12 months.
Table 5
Statistical comparison of USG and DTPA scan
At 3 months & 6 months, on comparing AP with DRF & RPT with DRF; P-value is <0.05, showing DTPA (DRF) is significantly better than USG to assess outcome during 3 month & 6 months follow up. While at 9 months & 12months the comparison shows no significant difference (P-value is >0.05 for all values) showing that USG and DTPA are comparable during 9 months and 12months.
Discussion
Postoperative follow up with imaging after pyeloplasty to diagnose obstruction early is important so that intervention can be taken to prevent further nephron loss in case of an unsuccessful pyeloplasty. In post-pyeloplasty follow-up, the most widely used investigations are ultrasonography and renal scintigraphy scan. However, there is variation in modality and frequency of imaging follow-up.11
Contemporary series on pediatric pyeloplasty have revealed high success rates, although differing protocols exist regarding imaging surveillance.12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21
USG has been used to assess outcome after pyeloplasty by measuring changes in the AP pelvic diameter. It has been suggested that if postoperative USG is revealing downgrading of AP pelvic diameter, patient may not require renograms in follow-up to rule out the obstruction. USG has the disadvantages of operator variability, slower improvement in hydronephrosis, and the difficulties of differentiating between a dilated and an obstructed renal pelvicalyceal system. Some other confounding factors in USG that may affect the findings are the level of pre-USG hydration or the amount of urine in the bladder. Additionally, surgical reduction of the renal pelvis can be mistaken as true improvement on USG.
Postoperative diuretics renogram is generally used to assess relief of obstruction and functional recovery. Most published data demonstrate its superiority in the ability to determine obstruction though there are also some arguments against it. Renal scintigraphy showing improved or stable function and better drainage can be considered as documented evidence of successful surgery and is usually performed as a baseline to subjectively document the surgical outcome.22
Many studies have questioned the use of early postoperative renography after pediatric pyeloplasty and advocated the use of a sentinel USG to determine if renography is necessary.
Almodhen et al. reported on 97 patients who underwent 101 pyeloplasties with a mean follow-up of 4.5 years.23 Of the 91 kidneys with improvement on postoperative USG, 2 (2%) exhibited an obstructive pattern on renography, although both spontaneously improved during follow-up. 23 Hydronephrosis was downgraded in 46 kidneys, and none of these kidneys exhibited an obstructive postoperative scan.23 Of the 10 kidneys with worsened or no improvement on postoperative USG, 4 (40%) had an obstructive renogram, of which 2 were treated with a subsequent procedure.23 They conclude that those with preoperative function <45% may exhibit functional changes >5% that can be determined by postoperative RS.23
Cost et al. observed similar findings in 49 patients undergoing open pyeloplasty who underwent US and renography at 3 months.24 Of the 42 children with stable or improved hydronephrosis, 41 had stable function, and one had low function (32% split function) preoperatively but remained stable (21% split function) at longer follow-up.24 Of the 7 remaining patients with increased hydronephrosis, 2 had worse renal function.24
Van den Hoek et al. reported that SRF remained unchanged within the 5% range in 75 of 87 patients (86%) with initial preoperative function >40%.22 In that series, only 3 patients (3%) demonstrated significant deterioration to < 40%, while 27 of 51 patients (53%) with initial function <40% exhibited changes > 5% following surgery.22 Moreover, it was observed that SRF after pyeloplasty remained unchanged at 5–7 years compared to the initial 9-month postoperative RS.22 Thus, repeat RS at 5–7 years after pyeloplasty was not justified.22
Pohl et al., suggested that follow-up can be discontinued as early as 3 months postoperatively if diuretic renogram show t½ <20min.18 Their data indicate that when an unobstructed 3 months renogram is followed by 1-year renogram, the second renogram never shows deterioration in drainage, and therefore, is not necessary.8 Tveter et al. also noted the similar observations.25 Similarly, our data reveal that if SRF was improved at 3 months than it never shows deterioration in renogram over next 1 year.
Psooy et al. showed that after an unobstructed diuretic renogram, recurrence of the obstruction was unlikely and did not justify a long-term follow-up.26 They followed their patients radiographically with excretory urography (IVP) at 2months; renal USG at 6 month and RS at 1 year. 26
O'Reilly et al. used a repeat RS in 24 patients at 6–19 years after surgery and concluded that the results were durable.27
Chandrasekharam et al. reported that in 68 children with symptomatic pelviureteric junction obstruction, RSs were taken 3 months, 1, 2, and 5 years after surgery, and it was concluded that in patients with impaired preoperative function, the improvement in SRF continued until 1 year after surgery. 28 There was no further improvement after that period, and the DRF remained stable. 28
The overall success rate with the Anderson Hynes Dismembered pyeloplasty repair is quite satisfactory29, 30 with all patients in our study showing improvement.
However, there are no set criteria for follow-up or even for success. Although there is no protocol for follow-up; postoperative evaluation includes Renal USG for AP diameter of renal pelvis & renal parenchymal thickness, along with renal scanning by DTPA scan. In most cases, dismembered pyeloplasty improves the degree of hydronephrosis and DRF on the renogram. Symptoms of abdominal lump, pain, infection, and hematuria, if present before surgery, resolve along with the improvement of hydronephrosis.
On the basis of our study, in first 6 months Renal USG is not as much informative as DTPA scan to assess functional outcome after pyeloplasty. But after 6months Renal USG is equally effective as DTPA scan.
We will continue this study for next 5 years to assess usefulness of Renal USG for long term post-operative follow-up.
Conclusion
Pelviureteric junction (PUJO) obstruction is by far the most common cause of pediatric hydronephrosis. Widespread use of antenatal USG has resulted in earlier diagnosis of hydronephrosis. But in this part of northern India as most of the children are presenting in age group of 1-6 years with symptoms due to PUJO, so our study concludes that there is need to improve quality and quantity of antenatal ultrasonography in this part of India.
The overall success rate with the Anderson Hynes Dismembered pyeloplasty repair is quite satisfactory; with all patients in our study showing improvement. However, there are no set criteria for follow-up or even for success of pyeloplasty.
This study shows that Renal USG is not as much informative as DTPA scan to assess functional outcome after pyeloplasty. But after 6months, it is equally effective as DTPA scan.
So, our study concludes that for resource poor countries like India, Renal USG can be used to assess functional outcome after pyeloplasty in pediatric age group; instead of costly & scarcely available investigation like Renal DTPA scan.
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